France invaded the Ruhr when the Germans did not pay reparations; the … This took place three months after the German invasion of Poland that triggered the start of World War IIin Europe. On 17 September, the Swedes landed again, this time at Lokalax (Finnish: Lokalahti), while the coastal fleet covering the landing managed to keep the Russians away in the Battle of Palva Sund on 18 September. According to two 2015 studies by political scientists Jan Teorell and Bo Rothstein, Sweden's loss in the Finnish War led to reforms of the Swedish bureaucracy. The matter of German troop transfer through Finland and Sweden during World War II was one of the more controversial aspects of modern Nordic history beside Finland's co-belligerence with Nazi Germany in the Continuation War, and the export of Swedish iron ore during World War II. In the early 13th century, Bishop Thomas became the first bishop of Finland. The Winter War was a war between the Soviet Union (USSR) and Finland.It began with a Soviet invasion of Finland on 30 November 1939, three months after the outbreak of World War II, and ended three and a half months later with the Moscow Peace Treaty on 13 March 1940. Even the wells were found to be unusable. Failure to block the Russians led the king to relieve Cederström of his duties and replace him with Commander Henrik Johan Nauckhoff. This took place three months after the German invasion of Poland that triggered the start of World War II in Europe. The Russian fleet reached Hangö on 6 August and chose not to engage the scattered Swedish fleet elements in the vicinity. After the Russian Emperor Alexander I concluded the 1807 Treaty of Tilsit with Napoleon, Alexander, in his letter on 24 September 1807 to the Swedish King Gustav IV Adolf, informed the king that the peaceful relations between Russia and Sweden depended on Swedish agreement to abide by the limitations of the Treaty of Tilsit which in practice meant that Sweden would have been required to follow the Continental System. In September 1944, Finland relocated elements of its signals intelligence capabilities to Sweden as part of the Stella Polaris operation, allowing Sweden access to intercepted Soviet communications in exchange for security in the event of a renewed Soviet invasion of Finland. With this objective in mind, Kamensky suggested a daring plan, whereby the Russian army was to cross the frozen Gulf of Bothnia at two locations: one unit was to march from Vasa towards Umeå and the other from Åbo to the Åland Islands and thence towards the vicinity of Stockholm. There is much to learn from that experience, but it does not suggest that Russia will start a war against Sweden or Finland, as Saakashvili contends, in order to boost Putin’s popularity. While after the end of the Cold War Sweden cutback on it's preparedness and decided to used those funds for other purposes. [15], Sweden performed several small landings along the coast near Kristinestad (Finnish: Kristiinankaupunki) and Kaskö (Finnish: Kaskinen) and managed to raise local men to oppose the Russians. There is evidence of possible Viking settlements on the Finnish mainland. The Second World War. According to two 2015 studies by political scientists Jan Teorell and Bo Rothstein, Sweden's loss in the Finnish War led to reforms of the Swedish bureaucracy. The Swedish situation was further weakened by being at war with France and Denmark, both of whom threatened Sweden's possessions, with a joint invasion force of 45,000 troops in Denmark (under French general Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte) and a further 36,000 in Norway. Meanwhile, the other Russian contingent — 5,000 men under Barclay de Tolly — endured great hardship in crossing the frozen gulf further north; they entered Umeå on 24 March. Six days later, the czar arrived in Åbo and, on learning about the truce, not only revoked Knorring's signature but named Barclay de Tolly as the new Commander-in-Chief. The state administration underwent extensive reforms and development too, giving it a much stronger grip on the life of local communities as well as the ability to collect higher taxes. The victor of this struggle was Queen Margaret I of Denmark , who brought the three Scandinavian kingdoms of Sweden, Denmark and, Norway under her rule (the " Kalmar Union ") in 1389. Russia was seen as the historical hereditary enemy of Sweden. In 1809 Sweden lost Finland to Russia after the Finnish War. A video of how i think a war between Sweden and Finland would start and play out.Songs: "Our Story Begins" and "Hitman" by Kevin Macleod The presence of the British naval units kept the Russian battlefleet strictly confined to Kronstadt, and after the British constructed artillery batteries to the Porkkala cape they cut off the coastal sea route from Russian ships. In 1939, two Finnish brothers are conscripted in the army to fight in the war between Finland and the Soviet Union. Finland was a province and then a grand duchy under Sweden from the 12th to the 19th centuries, and an autonomous grand duchy of Russia after 1809. During World War II, Finland successfully defended its independence through cooperation with Germany and resisted subsequent invasions by the Soviet Union - albeit with some loss of territory. 1, СПБ, 1889. The same coin depicts both the pre-war Finnish history, with the withdrawing Swedish crown on the reverse side, and the post-war future of the country, with the Russian eagle symbol on the obverse side. The Russians, however, managed to gather a force of 3,000 men which was able to force the ill-trained Swedes to withdraw. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21], Diplomatic relations between the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of Sweden. For example, the Swedish archipelago fleet's ships that been docked in Åbo (nearly 50 gun sloops) were torched to prevent their capture. As the Winter War rolls on the only help the Finns are getting are from volunteers. On May 26, a British fleet carrying 14,000 troops under Sir John Moore entered the port of Gothenburg. On February 21, 1808, 24,000 Russian troops under Friedrich Wilhelm von Buxhoevden crossed the border in Ahvenkoski and took the town of Lovisa (Finnish: Loviisa). Finland was sometimes involved in these struggles, but in general the 15th century seems to have been a relatively prosperous time, characterized by population growth and economic development. During the period of Russian rule the country generally prospered. On Sept. 17, 1809, Sweden lived through one of the darkest days in its history. Other notable effects were the Swedish parliament's adoption of a new constitution and the establishment of the House of Bernadotte, the new Swedish royal house, in 1818. Swedish language has an official status in Finland whilst Finns form the largest ethnic minority in Sweden, estimated to be about 675,000.[1]. Yet French and British naval forces had already been using the Swedish island of Gotland as a base of operations against Russia in the Baltic Sea. Large amounts of materiel were evacuated from southern Finland and harsh punishments were set for any hindering of the withdrawal. Four days later, Bagration's corps of 17,000 men occupied the strategic Åland Islands, while Kulnev led a vanguard further across the frozen sea that on 19 March reached the Swedish shore within 70 km from Stockholm. The war of 1808-09 resulted in Sweden being forced to relinquish Finland and the Åland Islands to Russia, whereby Swedish-speaking Åland became part of the Grand Duchy of Finland. The War of Finland was to be the last war Sweden would fight, and brought to an end its influence in Europe. Atlantis, Stockholm 2009. whow would win in a war between Finland, Sweden, Norway? [22], In 1808 a British expeditionary force under John Moore arrived in Sweden, but after months of idleness departed for the beginning of what became known as the Peninsular War. In Eastern Finland, the guerrilla movement was gradually extinguished. In spite of this, Sweden remained a pillar in its affairs and … Swedish forces had mostly just withdrawn before the advancing Russian often destroying usable materials. Kamensky's 11,000-strong corps achieved important victories at Kuortane (1 September) and Salmi (2 September), and although Georg Carl von Döbeln won the Battle of Jutas for Sweden on 13 September, Kamensky gained the most important victory at Oravais on 14 September. During the Great Northern War, Russians occupied Finland for eight years (1713–21), and, under the Peace of Uusikaupunki (Nystad) in 1721, Sweden had to cede the southeastern part of Finland with Viipuri as well as the Baltic provinces. Upon approaching the coast on 21 June, Cederström learned that the Russians had already passed the cape some time earlier. The Swedish volunteer air force unit F 19 was set up in Finland, with 12 fighter aircraft and 4 bombers from the Swedish Airforce. In support of Finland’s cause, Sweden released over 8,000 … Finland and Sweden share a long history, similar legal systems, and an economic and social model. In 1362, representatives from Finland were called to participate in the elections for king of Sweden. During the 11th and 12th centuries, Sweden gradually became a unified Christian kingdom. The demand was repeated on 2 March but without success. Instead of facing the Russians at Tavastehus he ordered the army to withdraw. In these regions, the Swedish language is widely spoken even today. Before the end of March 1808 even Vasa was taken. By the end of July the small forces Sweden had landed and the men that had supported them were either beaten or withdrawn back to their ships.[16]. In southern Finland, armies were to isolate the fortifications and first take control of the whole of southern Finland before advancing further to the north. [17], Swedish efforts to harass the Russians with landings continued, with roughly 1,000 volunteers under Captain Anders Gyllenbögel landing on 1 August to support Swedish-led uprisings on the coast south of Vasa. As a result of the war, the eastern third of Sweden was established as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland within the Russian Empire. Instead the Russians laid siege against Sveaborg. In the meantime, the Royal Navy attacked Copenhagen and the Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812) was declared. The fortress surrendered to the Russians on 18 March after a siege that had lasted roughly a month, with just one man having been wounded in action. Finnish soldiers raise the flag at the three-country cairn between Norway, Sweden and Finland on 27 April 1945 after the end of the Lapland War and thus, the end of World War II in Finland For most practical purposes, the war in Lapland concluded in early November 1944. This page was last edited on 17 January 2021, at 15:54. Votes: 7,621. The Swedish advance was very slow however, as operations were often halted due to the thaw. Russian ships continued to arrive from the east but remained within the shallow narrows where the Swedish ships of the line could not reach. After the Black Death and internal power struggles in Sweden, Queen Margaret I of Denmark united the Nordic countries in the Union of Kalmar in 1397, with the approval of the Swedish nobility. I'm tired of all these "Russia vs USA" or "china vs Russia" topics. In Savolax, Russians also advanced rapidly and took Kuopio on 16 March. These successes yielded a promotion to Field Marshal for Wilhelm Mauritz Klingspor. Forces in Savolax (Finnish: Savo) were to press hard against the Swedes and reach the Gulf of Bothnia towards Uleåborg (Finnish: Oulu) and Vasa (Finnish: Vaasa) to cut off the retreat of the main body of the Swedish army.[5]. [9], The Russians had advanced considerably but they had also gained the long and vulnerable coastline with it. Almost all Finnish soldiers in Sweden (most of them in the Umeå area) were repatriated after the war. For wars during the Swedish rule (1249–1809), see list of wars involving Sweden. In Savolax the Russians also forced the Swedes to withdraw. The emperor refused to ratify the truce and replaced Buxhoeveden with a new commander-in-chief, Bogdan von Knorring, in December of that year. The cohesion of Finland was strengthened by a view of Sweden as a former enemy. Swedish attempts to land more troops near Turku were stalled by Lieutenant-General Pyotr Bagration's prompt actions. Ордин К., Покорение Финляндии, ч. The war was then shifted to northern Sweden, while Finland was left to Russian occupation. The first was at the Battle of Rimito Kramp on 30 June, and after Russians withdrew closer to Åbo, the second was a battle at Pukkisaari on 4 July. Finland and Sweden share a long history, similar legal systems, and an economic and social model. Engman, Max: Ett långt farväl - Finland mellan Sverige och Ryssland efter 1809. [19], Skirmishes and landings continued in the Finnish archipelago from late summer into autumn. Having received considerable reinforcements, their numbers increased to 55,000, as opposed to the 36,000 estimated for Sweden. Михайловский-Данилевский А. И., Описание финляндской войны в 1808-1809. In the end instructions which the new Swedish commander in Finland, General Wilhelm Mauritz Klingspor, received from the king were an unsuccessful and open-ended mixture of ideas from these very different plans. [13], The advance of the Russian coastal squadron beyond Hangö created difficulties for the Swedes. It gained complete independence in 1917. [7], The Swedish fortress of Svartholm, commanded by Major Carl Magnus Gripenberg, was ill-prepared for a war. In 1741 Sweden reached a secret understanding (through French mediators) with… A war scenario between Russia and Sweden or any other country in North Europe (Finland, Norway, Denmark) is very unlikely. In 1521 the Kalmar Union collapsed and Gustav Vasa became the King of Sweden. In the north, the situation was more complicated. Finland entered a personal union with the Russian Empire as a grand duchy with extensive autonomy. In the south, the Swedish battle fleet remained anchored within the Finnish archipelago, blocking some of the deeper coastal sea routes from Hangö towards Åbo. Historically, Sweden ruled over Finland until the end of the Finnish War in 1809 when the country became semi-independent and under the leadership of a Russian. These were concentrated in the southern part of Finland. The announcement on 2 September 1944 of the ceasefire and the Moscow Armistice between Finland and the USSR triggered frantic efforts by the 20th Mountain Army, which immediately started Operation Birke. After a meager Russian bombardment, Gripenberg agreed to negotiations on 10 March. Prior to 1809, Sweden had a reputation as one of Europe's most corrupt countries, but the loss in the war created the perception of an existential threat in the East for Sweden and motivated Swedish elites to reform its bureaucracy.The motivation behind the reforms were to make the Swedish state more effective and functional, and thus protect against the exi… Russia captured the region of Finland from Sweden in 1808–1809. During the Cold War, Finland was a border state between the Soviet Union and the West. As a result of the Great Northern War (Treaty of Nystad, 1721), Sweden had lost Estonia, Livonia, Ingria, and part of Karelia to Russia. In August, Charles XIII, anxious to improve his position at a peace settlement, ordered General Gustav Wachtmeister to land in the north of Sweden and to attack Kamensky's rear. For both Finland and Sweden, this provided an opportunity to participate in NATO’s working procedures as equals. By November 1808, Russian forces had overrun all of Finland. Finland and Sweden have participated in in almost every NATO-mission since the end of the Cold War, from Bosnia to Afghanistan, causing some observers to note they are more reliable than some NATO member states. “The Good Plumpuddings’ Belief: British Voluntary Aid to Sweden During the Napoleonic Wars.”, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finnish_War&oldid=1000962328, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Nordling, Carl. Both Finland and Sweden joined the European Union together in 1995. During World War II, Finland supported Germany. However, the Swedish fleet dropped its blockade on 22 August, allowing the Russian coastal units to unite. After the war, Sweden had a clear headstart in the post-war economical development, much due to its neutrality in the war. Total British control of the Gulf of Finland was a large obstacle to the Russian supply network and required sizable garrisons to be posted all along the Finnish coast. The common people of Finland suffered during this period because of drafts, high taxes, and abuse by military personnel. ... Russia’s assertive behavior is driving Sweden and Finland — two countries that have never been part of NATO — closer to the alliance. Sweden has generally speaking implemented slightly more lax restrictions while Finland has closed borders and had slightly stronger restrictions. Russia captured the region of Finland from Sweden in 1808–1809. Otherwise the degree of urbanization was very low in medieval Finland. [4], The plan involved using the series of fortifications built after 1790 as staging grounds for the Russian advances into Finland. The situation was problematic for Sweden, since it once again faced both Denmark and Russia as potential enemies requiring the Swedes to split their forces. The Finnish War (1808-1809), known in Sweden as “the greatest national catastrophe in the long history of the Swedish state”, resulted in the country losing Finland to the Russian Empire. Seventy percent of the population was engaged in agriculture and forestry, and half of the value of production came from these primary industries in 1900. The Russians used the services of General Georg Magnus Sprengtporten when forming their plans. Between 1523 and Sweden's final war with Russia in 1809, a state of war had existed between these two countries for 67 out of those 292 years. During the Crimean War, Sweden was on the verge of joining Britain and France with the ambition of retaking Finland when the war ended in 1856. Hostilities thus continued until May, when Shuvalov finally reached Umeå, where he was succeeded by Kamensky. The Swedish concession to German demands during and after the German invasion of Norway in April–June 1940 is often … The British ships were far superior sailing ships compared to those of either the Swedes or Russians, and engaged the withdrawing Russian squadron (nine ships of the line and several frigates) on their own. Finland was an agrarian country in the 1800s, despite poor climatic conditions for efficient grain growing. Finland was part of Sweden for almost 700 years from around 1150 until the Finnish War of 1809 that saw Finland becoming an autonomous part of the Russian Empire as the Grand Duchy of Finland. This forced the Swedes to allocate forces to southern Sweden and along the Norwegian border (23,000 troops). Ниве П. А., Русско-шведская война 1808-1809, СПБ, 1910. "Capturing ‘The Gibraltar of the North:’How Swedish Sveaborg was taken by the Russians in 1808.". The Nordic states, too, hope they would not be facing any assault alone. Although in June 2014, then newly elected Finnish Prime Minister Alexander Stubb broke with tradition and used his first official visit abroad to visit Estonia. [11], Major General Eberhard von Vegesack was chosen to lead the first Swedish army to Finland. King Gustav Adolf did this after securing an alliance with Britain on 8 February 1808. [14], Having been alerted to the approach of additional Russian coastal units from Sveaborg, the Swedish forces moved to intercept them before they could link up with the Russian coastal unit now bottled up at Åbo. Most of the laws from the time of the Swedish rule remained in force. Accessibility help Skip to navigation Skip to content Skip to footer. The Royal Navy captured 35 Russian ships and burnt 20 others before leaving the Baltic Sea on 28 September 1809.[21]. On 19 November, the Convention of Olkijoki was signed and the Swedish army was forced to leave the Finnish countryside. Under the terms of the Treaty of Fredrikshamn, which ended the 1808 … The allied fleet moved on 25 August 1808 to engage the Russian fleet, which turned and attempted to reach the relative safety of Baltiyskiy Port. Sweden did not become actively involved in … Sprengtporten suggested going on to an offensive during the winter since Finland would be mostly isolated when seas were frozen. According to a more modern historical description, Finland became integrated with the Swedish realm mainly due to trade and settlements via the Åland Islands and the crusades had no decisive significance. [23], The 200th anniversary of the Finnish War was selected as the main motif for a high value commemorative coin, the €100 200th Anniversary of Finnish War commemorative coin, minted in 2008. Sufficient stocks of supplies had not been prepared for the Swedish army, since King Gustaf IV Adolf thought it might be taken as provocative by the Russians. However, the British still had acce… [citation needed], According to two 2015 studies by political scientists Jan Teorell and Bo Rothstein, Sweden's loss in the Finnish War led to reforms of the Swedish bureaucracy. About 9,500 volunteer Swedish soldiers fought alongside Finnish soldiers against the Soviet Union. During World War I, Sweden declared neutrality. Finnish War (1808–1809) Resulted in the eastern third of Sweden being established as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland within the Russian control. Firstly, let us all keep in mind that Sweden and Finland were united into one country at the time of this war. In 1495–1497, a war between Sweden and Russia was fought. This is a list of wars involving the Republic of Finland. Tuchkov's battered unit strained to hold its own against Sandels, while the progress of a relief force under General Alekseyev was contained by guerrilla fighters. On 30 August, the Swedish coastal fleet defeated its Russian adversaries at the Battle of Grönvikssund, forcing the Russians to abandon their plans to invade Åland and concentrate on defense. For wars prior to Swedish rule, see early Finnish wars. [1] The king, who viewed Napoleon as the Antichrist and Britain as his ally against Napoleon's France, was apprehensive of the system's ruinous consequences for Sweden's maritime commerce. This is due to both countries differing histories, Finland had a more traumatic experience during World War 2, which has left it's mark on the Finnish society to this day and has thus maintained a larger preparedness for crisis. With the Royal Navy supporting the Swedish battle fleet there was little the Russian battle fleet could accomplish. [13], In 2020 and 2021 COVID19 hit Europe, Sweden and Finland chose differing national responses. For example, Helsinki city centre was built during Russian rule. There were several secular powers who aimed to bring Finland under their rule but the Swedish regent Birger Jarl established Swedish rule in Finland through the Second Swedish Crusade, which is most often dated at 1249. Finland and Sweden play a crucial role in the Alliance’s defence plans for the Baltic states and at the 2014 Wales summit the two Nordic countries were given the status of NATO Enhanced Opportunities Partners. Фомин А.А., Швеция в системе европейской политики накануне и в период русско-шведской войны 1808–1809 гг., М., 2003. Sweden did not become actively involved in the conflict, but did indirectly support Finland. This took place three months after the German invasion of Poland that triggered the start of World War II in Europe. Russia would create the Grand Duchy of Finland from the territory obtained from Sweden, and would attach the areas gained from Sweden in the 18th century (so-called Old Finland) to the new Grand Duchy. The matter of German troop transfer through Finland and Sweden during World War II was one of the more controversial aspects of modern Nordic history beside Finland's co-belligerence with Nazi Germany in the Continuation War, and the export of Swedish iron ore during World War II.. The Winter War was fought in the four months following the Soviet Union 's invasion of Finland on November 30, 1939. The Winter War was fought in the four months following the Soviet Union 's invasion of Finland on November 30, 1939. When revolution broke out in Russia in 1917, Finland declared independenc… The Principality of Moscow conquered Novgorod, preparing the way for a unified Russia, and soon tensions arose with Sweden. In addition, several new good roads had been built into Finland greatly reducing the earlier dependency on naval support for any large operation in Finland.[2]. By the morning of 20 June, the Swedish forces were forced to withdraw. [2] Both countries are also united by the fact that neither Finland or Sweden have decided to join NATO, whereas all the other Nordic Countries as well as the Baltic States are NATO members. During the 1380s, a civil war in the Scandinavian part of Sweden brought unrest to Finland as well. [7][8], It is an old tradition for the first official foreign visit of a new prime minister from either country to visit the other. 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