The train conductor enters his compartment and notifies him that the train will not be stopping at his destination so he will have to alight at a previous station. . In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Discharged from the hospital, Juan Dahlmann sets off to his estate in the South to convalesce. The wound on his scalp keeps Dahlmann bedridden at home with a very high fever. It is possible Dahlmann never left the hospital and is only imagining this romantic gaucho-style duel in the South. Coming from an immigrant, middle-class background himself, he identified himself with the nation’s workers and widely publicized his pro-labor stance. This turn of events did not go unnoticed by the city’s other intellectuals, and Borges became “the symbol of Argentina’s resistance to totalitarianism” (Rodriguez Monegal, p. 393). Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Other critics of the time accused Borges of creating an alienated, aristocratic, superfluous kind of literature, and of representing the oligarchy. BORN: 1923, Springs, South Africa His fictions tended to feature characters in search of themselves rather than characters trying to come to grips with their social mileau. This prompts Dahlmann to do the opposite; he turns and faces the three locals. Juan Dahlmann is an obscure secretary in an Argentine library. His short stories are ranked among the best to emerge from Latin America. 1991 224-25). The decade was characterized by, among other things, burgeoning and competing philosophies of Argentine nationalism and the political expressions thereof. Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Foreigners lived under the threat of deportation; anti-government activists were in danger of arrest, torture, and even execution. This climactic scene, a knife fight with a stranger, is a romantic, gauchesque way to die, a fate far worthier of an Argentine than blood poisoning. Events in History at the Time the Short Story Takes Place, Events in History at the Time the Short Story Was Written. Jorge Luis Borges: A Literary Biography. Three peones (farm hands) sitting at a table nearby throw a bread crumb at him, which he ignores, prompting them to recommence their bullying. A Guest of Honour (1970) New York: Modern Library, 1983. Refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. In 1990, Carlos Saura wrote and directed a 55-minute television movie based on El Sur entitled Los Cuentos De Borges: El Sur (English: The Borges Tales: The South). The gauchos, a largely mestizo population, traditionally roamed the pampas, living off free-range cattle, which they would avail themselves of as needed. He sensed that had he been able to choose or dream his death that night, this is the death he would have dreamed or chosen. He writes: "Of 'The South', which is perhaps my best story, let it suffice for me to suggest that it can be read as a direct narrative of novelistic events, and also in another way. Shy and bookish, a librarian by profession, Borges reflected throughout his career on the lives of his heroic Argentine relatives and on the myths and realities of the nation’s (often violent) character. Juan Dahlmann the protagonist of the story is, like Borges, the descendant of mixed ancestors. “Jorge Luis Borges.” In Latin American Writers. Coetzee, J. M. “Borges’s Dark Mirror.” The New York Review of Books, October 22, 1998, 80-82. When this faculty returned to him over the course of his recovery, he was worried that his mind had been weakened, so he persuaded his mother to read to him to test whether or not he could understand her. “As if we Argentines could only speak of orillas[outbacks] and estancias[ranches] and not of the universe” (Borges, Labyrinths, p. 182). “The South” by Jorge Luis Borges portrays the life of Juan Dahlmann, a librarian from Buenos Aires, wherein a sequence of unfortunate events brings him, eventually and triumphantly, to the South. Borges himself wrote in the preface to the 1954 collection Artifices, which features “The South,” that the story “may be my best story” (Collected Fictions, p. 129). 176-77). The South, for Borges, is both a locale where his ancestors battled for dominance and the Southside of Buenos Aires where he spent his child- hood. The Con…, “The Secret Shrine” and “The Frog Prayer”, “The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County”, “Trouble with Math in a One-Room Country School”, “Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?”, …And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead, https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/culture-magazines/south, The Decapitated Chicken and Other Stories. Borges the bookman is drawn to the literature of the world, which he enjoys citing with mock-pedantry; but Borges the man is drawn to what he has called “the implacable pampas” of Argentina… . Such festering resentment helps explain the tension between the rough-looking rural laborers and Dahlmann in the story. The story begins with a wounded foreigner from the south of Persia fleeing to ancient circular ruins in the north. By David Young and Keith Hollaman. In 1934 the U.S. oil company Standard Oil became embroiled in a price war with Argentina’s national oil company, Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales (YPF); Justo’s government had to bail out YPF, which had difficulty competing with Standard Oil, and protest erupted over this perceived instance of U.S. imperialism. World Literature and Its Times: Profiles of Notable Literary Works and the Historic Events That Influenced Them. As he crossed the threshold, he felt on that first night in the sanatorium, when they’d stuck that needle into him, dying in a knife fight under the open sky, grappling with his adversary, would have been a liberation, a joy, and a fiesta. He begins to read Arabian Nights but then closes the book because he is fascinated by the scenery. Borges, in keeping with his other themes, tackles infinity as the absolute extension of nature and the self. Borges based the setting on another real-life experience in 1934 he visited relatives on the Uruguay/Brazil border, which, in his words, “seems to have impressed me far more than all the kingdoms of the world and the glory of them” (Borges in Rodriguez Monegal, p. 259). FURTHE…, Nadine Gordimer Jorge Luis Borges: The South. Giancarlo Bruni. Borges, Jorge Luis. CRITICISM The South By Jorge Luis Borges. Before coming to Pittsburgh, the Borges Center was based at the University of Iowa, where Daniel Balderston taught for nine years. "The South." Borges uses the same theme in his story "The South". The Man in the Mirror of the Book: A Life of Jorge Luis Borges. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. It is arranged for him to travel to his ranch in the South to complete his recuperation. SOUTH, THE In February 1939, he obtains a copy of Weil's Arabian Nights. Encyclopedia.com. NATIONALITY: South African Evita had died of cancer in 1952, and without her charisma the dictator lost substantial influence. He sits down, orders food, and begins to read Arabian Nights. At the same time Borges became the focus of a vigorous debate on the proper cultural and political role for Argentine writers. “The South” by Jorge Luis Borges At first impression, “The South” misses many of the signature Borgesian qualities of stories like “ Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote ” and “ The Library of Babel.” There are no magical numbers, no flights of philosophical fancy, no fake footnotes, and no intrusive first-person narrator. Also reflected in the short story is the prevalence of absentee landlords on the pampas. Select this result to view Mary M Byers's phone number, address, and more. 44. The South (Borges story) Summary & Study Guide This Study Guide consists of approximately 18 pages of chapter summaries, quotes, character analysis, themes, and more - everything you need to sharpen your knowledge of The South. MAJOR WORKS: Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Eds. We Live Inside a Dream: A Discussion on Borges' "The South" by Anthony Perconti. The gaucho developed a reputation for cunning and violence; he typically carried a long (up to 27 inches) dagger, or facón. New York: Longman, 1984. Alazraki, Jaime. He heads out to the countryside in the hope of convalescence, but is unwillingly embroiled in a … Because his father was half British, the Borges home was bilingual, and the author grew up reading Shakespeare as well Dahlmann was warmed by the Tightness of the man’s hairband, the baize poncho he wore, his gaucho trousers, and the boots made out of the skin of a horse’s leg, and he said to himself, recalling futile arguments with people from districts in the North, or from Entre Rios, that only in the South did gauchos like that exist anymore. Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges Acevedo (/ ˈ b ɔːr h ɛ s /; Spanish: (); 24 August 1899 – 14 June 1986) was an Argentine short-story writer, essayist, poet and translator, and a key figure in Spanish-language and universal literature. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Lewis, Paul H. The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism. In much the same way that the cowboy has become an enduring symbol of the United States, particularly of the nation’s rugged individualism, so has the gaucho become an important symbol of Argentinidad—that which is perceived as being essentially Argentine. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990. Having to wait for his departure, he decides to have a bite at a famous cafe near the station where a cat lends itself to the patrons' caresses. Significantly, on this 1934 excursion Borges also witnessed a casual murder in a rural bar. The alarmed shopkeeper reminds Dahlmann that he does not even have a weapon. In fact, in the time at which the story is set, violence, or the threat thereof, was percolating throughout Argentine society and would remain pervasive in 1953, when Borges first published the tale. The protagonist Juan Dahlmann owns a ranch in the South that he has but rarely visited; in this regard, he resembles 62 percent of the actual landlords in the South at the time (Rock, p. 237). Juan Domingo Perón was elected president of Argentina in 1946. As the economy changed so did demographics; migrants poured out of the rural areas (an average of 70,000 per year between 1937 and 1943), mostly from the pampas, into the cities. NATIONALITY: French Works Cited Borges, Jorge. One thousand years after the melting a forebulge migrating towards the ice loads causes water to flow from the South Pacific into the North Pacific suggesting that raised beaches should occur in the South Pacific. As he whisks through the landscape (complete with horsemen, lakes, pastures, and glowing clouds) made dreamlike and ideal by his nostalgia, he finds that he recognizes even the vegetation, although he could not name the things he sees—“his direct knowledge of the country was considerably inferior to his nostalgic, literary knowledge” (“The South,” p. 177). The new leader of the nation, General José Félix Uriburu, courted European-style fascism, which relied on rule by a military-backed dictator and which elevated nation and race over the individual. Vol. In the last quarter of the nineteenth century the traditional gauchos disappeared; they were replaced by a straggling population of demoralized and exploited ranch-hands. Under Spanish colonial rule, the gauchos ran what was essentially a black market in tallow, hides, and beef. SOURCES World Literature and Its Times: Profiles of Notable Literary Works and the Historic Events That Influenced Them. Marowski, Daniel G., and Roger Matuz, eds.Contemporary Literary Cñticism. In fact, Justo did support nationalist, militaristic organizations. Because of the area’s economic importance, railroads and roads crisscross the countryside, which is home to the cow-boylike gauchos that figure in fact and legend. Some 20,000 of these landlords, most of whom rarely or never appeared, owned nearly three-quarters of the pampas. (It's unclear which Dahlmann is the actual--the journey to the South may be an hallucination--but the journey is real, regardless.) Borges was born in Buenos Aires, the city with which he became inextricably linked. In the mid-twentieth century Argentina was testing different versions of nationalism. At this point, an old man in the corner, a gaucho (a figure who, to Dahlmann as to most Argentines represents the essence of the South and the country's romanticized past) throws a dagger at Dahlmann's feet. 18 (Free) Books Ernest Hemingway Wished He Could Read Again for the First Time Detroit: Gale Research, 1987. The shopkeeper (calling him by name) tells Dahlmann to pay them no heed, saying they are drunk. A man who prides himself on being Argentine appears to recover his cultural past at the expense of his life. Condemning his anti-Peronism, these critics identified Borges with the enemy, describing him as an artist apart, out of touch with the national reality. Jorge Luis Borges's Ficciones explained with part summaries in just a few minutes! ." Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991. (More broadly, criollo is a term for a person of Spanish descent born in the Americas). Select this result to view Kathleen L Borges's phone number, address, and more. If the United States possesses an off…, Horacio Quiroga Retrieved January 13, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/culture-magazines/south. The gravitational attraction of an ice mass upon a nearby ocean tends to hold sea level high in the vicinity of the ice. Such warnings, however, went for naught given the power and popularity of Perón and the champion of his cause, his wife Eva (or “Evita” as she was popularly known). The nineteenth-century dictator Juan Manuel de Rosas was his great-great-great-uncle (Alazraki, pp. Carlos A. Solé and Maria Isabel Abreu. His example offered much grist for the mill of debate—Borges was both detached from and involved in his environment. Horacio Quiroga (1878-1937) was a Uruguayan writer. The Chroni…, Ellison, Ralph 1914–1994 Jose Luis Borges was a writer of myriad interests. In real life, gauchos frequented pulperías—a combination general store, restaurant, and tavern, not unlike the establishment at which Juan Dahlmann will meet his destiny. In the eyes of many he became a savior, a leader who “stood up for the common people, who put the anti-Argentinian oligarchy in its place, who defended national sovereignty against foreign capitalism, who made workers feel good about themselves, who safeguarded the country’s Catholic traditions, and protected the family” (Shumway, p. 298). The period of Uriburu’s rule (1930-32) oversaw a shift in political power from Argentina’s middle-class to its growing and sometimes ruthless political-military machine. New York: Viking, 1998. Eventually the librarian is taken to a sanatorium by his physician, and undergoes a myriad of painful and humiliating treatments to cure the septicemia (blood poisoning) that has nearly killed him. _____. In a 1951 lecture (first published in the magazine Sur in 1955) entitled ‘The Argentine Writer and Tradition” Borges claims that so-called gauchesque poetry (which was never written by the gauchos themselves, who were usually illiterate) is an ut-terfy fabricated literary tradition defined more by propaganda and artificial language than by any genuine rendering of the gaucho lifestyle, and that the gaucho himself is the embodiment of Argentine provincialism, of its lack of sophistication and polish. In “The South”, Borges’s reference to the Arabic text is rather obvious in which the protagonist tries to use a magical text, The Thousand and One Nights to change his reality and rewrite his existence. They lived in small ramshackle houses constructed of and furnished with whatever materials were at hand. He financially and politically backed two that had been created by his predecessor, Uriburu; the first, the Special Section, a branch of the federal police, hired tough men to “beat up and torture the government’s opponents”; the second, the Argentine Civic Legion, which modeled itself on and wore the same distinctive brown shirts as the German stormtroopers, announced that Argentina was destined to dominate South America (Lewis, p. 119). Things become less real. BORN: 1870, Akyab, Burma Xiangyun Liao. Reginald in Russia (1910) But even now, to say of a man in Argentina that he is muy gaucho is to heap praise upon that person. Their itinerant lifestyle became criminal. He descends from the Germanic Johannes Dahlmann, a minister, who arrived in Buenos Aires from Europe in 1871. "The South" is a short story by Jorge Luis Borges about a man, Dahlmann, who is injured by bashing his head against a window, but makes an almost miraculous recovery after a long stint in hospital. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1978. In response to pressure from such outlying areas of its empire as Australia and South Africa, Great Britain—Argentina’s most significant trading partner—had threatened to cut off or greatly reduce its importation of Argentine beef. It achieves a dreamlike, romanticized treatment of elements embedded in the Argentine sense of national heritage, namely of the violence and cruelty attached to the traditional rural lifestyle. Meanwhile, politicians and historians were examining what they perceived as the destructive influence of Britain in Argentine history, drawing attention to such things as “the British invasions of 1806-1807, Britain’s role in the foundation of Uruguay in the late 1820s, its seizure of the Falkland Islands in 1833, the blockades under Rosas, the later collaboration between the ruling oligarchy and British business interests”; the upshot of such public discourse was that the pro-Britain Justo felt himself challenged by pro-nationalists, some of whom were vocal members of the Argentine army (Rock, p. 230). Trans. In “The South” Juan Dahlmann boards a 7:30 a.m. train in downtown Buenos Aires and travels south, through the city’s suburbs, around small farms, and into the nation’s preeminent ranching district, disembarking at sunset. Encyclopedia.com. ", With this in mind, one may well reinterpret the story such that everything after Dahlmann's darkest moments in the hospital is a narration of his idealized death—the one Juan Dahlmann fabricates and enacts in his feverish mind while on the verge of a pathetic demise in the hospital he has never really left. The wild ruffian haunting the borders of civilization became valorized as an important symbol of what it meant to be Argentine: fiercely independent, self-reliant, and possessed of a distinctively non-European culture. In 1939, one of his grandchlidren, Juan Dahlmann, was secretary of a municipal library on Calle Cordoba, and he … In Borges’s short story “The South,” violence overtakes an average citizen at the hands of uncouth rural thugs. However, he more greatly values his mother’s criollo (Spanish Argentine) lineage. Perón’s successful political strategy was to unite the interests of Argentine labor—both workers and managers—and the military and set them against the nation’s cultural elite, big business, and the intelligentsia. Although of German descent, he is proud of his criollo maternal ancestors: his military grandfather had died fighting the aboriginals in the wild Pampas "pierced by the Indians of Catriel", a romantic end that he enjoys thinking about. Andrew Hurley. In 1955 Perón went quietly into exile, where he would remain until his return in 1972 and a brief resurgence of power before his death in 1974. He touches also on the gauchos and their environment in other short stories, such as “Tlon, Ugbar, Orbis Tertius,” “The Shape of the Sword,” and “The Dead Man.”. His great-grandfather, Colonel Isidoro Suárez, fought Spanish forces at the head of a Peruvian cavalry unit in 1820 at Junin and was exiled to Uruguay at the time of the Rosas dictatorship. 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